【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

转载文章1年前更新 菜芽君
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来源:iReg  作者: 瑞小格 

今天开始介绍欧洲的药品说明书查询,由于欧洲共有四十多个国家,所以情况比之前的世界各国药品说明书查询——美国篇,世界各国药品说明书查询——日本篇和世界各国药品说明书查询——中国篇会复杂很多,因此小格打算分几篇来写。今天先介绍通过EMA和emc检索的途径。

小伙伴们可能会问,什么?EMA?emc?有点傻傻分不清楚……EMA(European Medicines Agency)是指欧洲药品管理局,而emc(electronic medicines compendium)可以翻译为“药物电子版信息汇编”,提供的是在英国获得上市许可的药品信息,我们知道英国已经于去年脱欧,所以药品监管体系、相关文件在经过一段过渡期之后会逐步和欧盟脱离,所以EMA和emc查到的说明书可以相互补充。

首先我们来讲一下通过EMA(欧洲药品管理局)网站查询通过集中审评程序上市的药品的说明书。时至今日,越来越多的药品通过集中审评程序在欧盟上市(至于哪类产品通过集中审评上市,请参考之前的文章欧洲药品监管一百问(一)),概要地说,目前绝大多数创新药物都是通过集中审评上市的。

以默沙东的K药(商品名Keytruda,通用名pembrolizumab)为例,打开EMA官网,进入Medicines – Search,输入通用名pembrolizumab进行检索:

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

打开“Human medicine European public assessment report (EPAR): Keytruda (updated)”并翻至Product information项,就可以找到说明书。

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

打开之后是一个共193页的PDF文件,第1-158页为Annex I – Summary of product characteristics(产品特性概要,即针对医药专业工作者的说明书)【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

第172-193页为Annex IIIB – Package leaflet,即患者版说明书,主要以问答的出现,非常通俗易懂:

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

我们注意看一下说明书的网址,发现是有规律的,红色字体为商品名,蓝色字体为语言:

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/keytruda-epar-product-information_en.pdf

如果我们把网址改为

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/humira-epar-product-information_fr.pdf

就可以查到修美乐(商品名Humira,通用名adalimumab)的法语版说明书:

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

举一反三,只要确定自己要检索的产品在欧洲通过集中审评上市,使用其商品名配合如下的国家语言代码对照表,就可以轻松查询特定语言版本的欧洲说明书啦。

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

如Viagra的挪威语说明书:

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/viagra-epar-product-information_no.pdf

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

讲完了EMA说明书检索,接下来我们来讲一下通过emc查询在英国上市的药品的说明书。emc(electronic medicines compendium)可以翻译为“药物电子版信息汇编”,提供的是在英国获得上市许可的药品信息。根据其官方的介绍:

https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/about-the-emc

What is emc?

The electronic medicines compendium (emc) contains up to date, easily accessible information about medicines licensed for use in the UK. emc has more than 14,000 documents, all of which have been checked and approved by either the UK or European government agencies which license medicines. These agencies are the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). emc was launched in 1999 and has become an established website, trusted for reliable information about medicines. You can search and view medicine information on emc without the need to register.

什么是emc?

药物电子版信息汇编 (emc) 包含有关在英国获得上市许可的药物的最新、易于访问的信息。emc 拥有超过 14,000 份文件,所有这些文件都经过英国或欧洲的药品监管部门——英国药品和保健品监管局 (MHRA) 和欧洲药品管理局 (EMA)的检查和批准。emc 于 1999 年推出,现已成为一个成熟的网站,值得信赖,提供可靠的药物信息。无需注册即可在emc上搜索和查看药品信息。

What does emc contain?

emc contains regulated and approved information on medicines available in the UK:

Summaries of Product Characteristics (known as SPCs or SmPCs)

Patient Information Leaflets (known as PILs, Package Leaflets or PLs)

Risk Minimisation Materials (RMMs)

Letters to healthcare professionals

Live Chat

Audio/Video

Safety Alerts

Product Information

emc 包含什么?

emc 包含有关英国现有药物的监管和批准信息:

产品特性摘要(称为 SPC 或 SmPC)

患者说明书(PIL或 PL)

风险最小化材料 (RMM)

给医疗保健专业人士的信

在线聊天

音频视频

安全警报

产品信息

Where does the information come from?

All the information on emc comes directly from pharmaceutical companies or via the medicines regulator (MHRA or EMA). Over 250 pharmaceutical companies subscribe to emc and so pay Datapharm to publish their information on emc website. This is how the information is approved and added.

  1. The pharmaceutical company drafts a Summary of Product Characteristics, Patient Information Leaflet or Risk Materials using the up to date information about their medicine
  2. The UK or European medicines licensing agency – the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) – then checks and approves the information
  3. The pharmaceutical company publishes the approved SmPC, PIL or risk materials on emc

emc的信息从何而来?

所有关于 emc 的信息都直接来自制药公司或通过药品监管机构(MHRA 或 EMA)。超过 250 家制药公司在 emc 网站上发布他们的信息。以下是信息被批准和添加的方式:

  1. 制药公司使用有关其药物的最新信息起草产品特性概要(SmPC)、患者说明书(PIL)或风险材料;
  2. 英国药品和保健品监管局 (MHRA) 或欧洲药品管理局 (EMA)检查并批准信息;
  3. 制药公司在 emc上发布批准的 SmPC、PIL或风险材料

How is the information updated?

When there is new information about a medicine, or when a new medicine is launched, the pharmaceutical company should update emc within 10 days of the UK or European medicines authority approving the change.

emc信息是如何更新的?

如果有关于药物的新信息,或当新药上市时,制药公司应在英国或欧洲药品监管部门批准变更后的 10 天内更新 emc上的信息。

由此我们知道,发布在emc上的信息都是经过MHRA和EMA官方许可的,而且必须实时更新,非常权威和可靠。

emc网站的使用非常简单便捷,直接在搜索栏输入通用名,如omeprazole(奥美拉唑):

https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

结果有很多,以瑞迪博士公司的奥美拉唑为例:

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

可以查看SmPC并打印成PDF:

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

也可以查看Patient Leaflet,emc网站直接提供PDF版的查看和下载:

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

【iReg】世界各国药品说明书查询——欧洲篇(一)

同时,emc网站还对SmPC和PIL的定义、格式体例做了非常详细的介绍,小格也是第一次看到这么系统和完整的定义,特摘录如下并试着翻译为中文,供大家参考。

https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/glossary/#SmPC

https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/glossary/#PIL

SmPC

SmPC, or SPC, stands for Summary of Product Characteristics. The SmPC is used by healthcare professionals, such as doctors, nurses and pharmacists, and explains how to use and prescribe a medicine.

SmPC 或 SPC,代表产品特性概要。SmPC 由医疗保健专业人员(例如医生、护士和药剂师)使用,并解释了如何使用和处方。

SmPCs are written and updated by pharmaceutical companies and are based on their research and product knowledge. The SmPC is then checked and approved by the UK or European medicines licensing agency. SmPCs have to contain certain numbered headings and information. We now explain, in simple terms, what the headings mean and what each section contains.

SmPC 由制药公司编写和更新,并基于他们的研究和产品知识。SmPC 然后由英国或欧洲药品许可机构检查和批准。SmPC 必须包含某些编号的标题和信息。我们现在用简单的术语解释标题的含义以及每个部分包含的内容。

Section 1. Name of the medicinal product

What is the brand or trade name of the medicine?

第一节 药品名称

药物的品牌或商品名称是什么?

Section 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition

What are the names of the active ingredients in the medicine, that make the medicine work? How much active ingredient does it contain? For example paracetamol 500mg.

第二节 定性和定量构成

药物中使药物起作用的活性成分的名称是什么?它含有多少活性成分?例如扑热息痛 500mg。

 

Section 3. Pharmaceutical form

What is the physical form of the medicine, for example a tablet, injection, ointment or syrup.

第三节 药物剂型

药物的剂型是什么,例如片剂、注射剂、软膏或糖浆。

Section 4. Clinical particulars

This section explains how the medicine should be used or taken.

第四节 临床应用

本节说明应如何使用或服用药物。

Section 4.1 Therapeutic indications

What diseases or medical conditions is the medicine approved to treat? Sometimes a healthcare professional might decide to use a medicine to treat conditions that are not listed on the SmPC. If you are not sure why you have been given a medicine, please talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

第4.1节 适应症

该药物获准治疗哪些疾病或医疗状况?有时,医疗保健专业人员可能会决定使用药物来治疗 SmPC 上未列出的病症。如果您不确定为什么要服用药物,请咨询您的医生或药剂师。

Section 4.2 Posology and method of administration

Posology means dose. What dose, or dose range, is used?

第4.2节 用法用量

剂量学是指剂量。使用什么剂量或剂量范围?

Section 4.3 Contraindications

Contraindications are situations where a medicine should not be used. This section tells the prescriber when a medicine shouldn’t be used or taken.

第4.3节 禁忌症

禁忌症是指不应使用药物的情况。本节告诉开药者什么时候不应该使用或服用药物。

Section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Medicines always need to be taken or used carefully. This section tells the prescriber when to be extra careful when prescribing a medicine for some people.

第4.4节 特别警告和使用注意事项

总是需要谨慎服用或使用药物。本节告诉开药者在为某些人开药时要格外小心。

Section 4.5 Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Is your medicine known to react or interfere with any other medicines, herbal or dietary supplements?

第4.5节 与其他医药产品的相互作用和其他形式的相互作用

您的药物是否已知会与任何其他药物、草药或膳食补充剂发生反应或干扰?

Section 4.6 Pregnancy and lactation

Information about taking or using a medicine if you are pregnant, thinking of becoming pregnant or are breast-feeding a child.

第4.6节 怀孕和哺乳

如果您怀孕、想怀孕或正在哺乳孩子,有关服用或使用药物的信息。

Section 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Will the medicine affect your ability to drive or use machines?

第4.7节 对驾驶和使用机器能力的影响

药物会影响您驾驶或使用机器的能力吗?

 

Section 4.8 Undesirable effects

This section tells you about the side effects that people can get when they take or use the medicine. It tells you how often the side effect happens, how severe it might be, how long it might last for and what you should do.

第4.8节 不良反应

本节将告诉您人们在服用或使用该药物时可能出现的副作用。它告诉您副作用发生的频率、可能有多严重、可能持续多长时间以及您应该做什么。

Section 4.9 Overdose

What could happen to you if you take or use too much of the medicine?

第4.9节 过量服用

如果您服用或使用过多的药物会怎样?

Section 5. Pharmacological properties

How does the medicine affect your body and what does your body do to the medicine?

第五节 药理学特性

药物如何影响您的身体以及您的身体对药物有何影响?

Section 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

How does the medicine have its effect on the body?

第5.1节 药效学特性

药物对身体有什么作用?

Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

How the medicine gets into your body, gets to the part of the body where it needs to act, how the body changes the medicine and then removes it.

第5.2节 药代动力学特性

药物如何进入您的身体,到达需要发挥作用的身体部位,身体如何改变药物然后将其去除。

Section 5.3 Preclinical safety data

Information about the tests that were carried out in a laboratory or on animals, before the medicine was used in humans. It includes the test results which are relevant to prescribers.

第5.3节 临床前安全数据

在将药物用于人类之前,有关在实验室或动物身上进行的测试的信息。它包括与开处方者相关的测试结果。

Section 6. Pharmaceutical properties

This section gives information about the ingredients in a medicine, the packaging and how it should be stored.

第六节 药物特性

本节提供有关药物成分、包装以及如何储存的信息。

Section 6.1 List of excipients

What other ‘ingredients’ are in the medicine, apart from the active ingredient?

第6.1节 辅料清单

除了活性成分外,药物中还有哪些其他成分?

Section 6.2 Incompatibilities

This section, along with section 4.5, tells you if there are any other medicines that shouldn’t be mixed or taken with this medicine.

第6.2节 配伍禁忌

本节以及第 4.5 节告诉您是否有任何其他药物不应与该药物混合或服用。

Section 6.3 Shelf life

What is the maximum amount of time the medicine can be stored for?

第6.3节 有效期

药物最多可存放多长时间?

Section 6.4 Special precautions for storage

How and where to store your medicine.

第6.4节 储存的特别注意事项

如何以及在哪里存放您的药物。

Section 6.5 Nature and contents of container

Information about the medicine’s packaging.

第6.5节 容器的性质和内容

有关药物包装的信息。

Section 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling

How to make-up or give the medicine and how to get rid of any left over medicine.

第6.6节 处置和其他处理的特殊预防措施

如何化妆或给予药物以及如何去除任何残留的药物。

Section 7. Marketing authorisation holder

The Marketing Authorisation Holder is the name of the pharmaceutical company who own the licence to sell the medicine. Sometimes the Marketing Authorisation Holder allows a different pharmaceutical company to sell their medicine.

第七节 上市许可持有人

上市许可持有人是拥有药品销售许可证的制药公司的名称。有时,上市许可持有人允许不同的制药公司销售他们的药品。

Section 8. Marketing authorisation number(s)

When the regulatory authority approves a medicine, they give it a number – the marketing authorization number.

第八节 上市许可证编号

当监管机构批准一种药物时,给它一个编号——上市许可证编号。

Section 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation

The date of first authorisation is the date the regulatory authorities first approved the medicine. If the marketing authorisation has been suspended and then granted again, there may also be a renewal of the authorisation date.

第九节 首次授权/更新授权的日期

首次授权日期是监管机构首次批准该药物的日期。如果营销授权被暂停然后再次授予,授权日期也可能会更新。

Section 10. Date of revision of the text

If an SmPC changes, this is the date the pharmaceutical company sent the changes to the regulatory authority for their approval.

第十节 文本修订日期

如果 SmPC 发生更改时制药公司将更改发送给监管机构以供其批准的日期。

Section 11. Dosimetry

This section is only on SmPCs for radiopharmaceutical products. It tells you how much radiation you are exposed to.

第十一节 剂量测定

本节仅针对放射性药物产品的 SmPC。它会告诉您暴露于多少辐射。

Section 12. Instructions for preparation of radiopharmaceuticals

This section is only on SmPCs for radiopharmaceutical products. It tells you how to get rid of any unused or waste products safely.

第十二节 放射性药物制备说明

本节仅针对放射性药物产品的 SmPC。它告诉您如何安全地清除任何未使用或废弃的产品。

PIL

PIL stands for Patient Information Leaflet (known as Package Leaflet or PL) and is the leaflet that is included in the pack with a medicine. The PIL is written by the pharmaceutical company and is a patient-friendly version of the Summary of Product Characteristics. All PILs are checked and approved by the UK or European medicines licensing agency. If you are unsure about anything or have any questions about the PIL, always speak to a healthcare professional such as a doctor, pharmacist or nurse.

PIL

PIL 代表患者说明书(又称PL),是包含在药物包装中的小册子。PIL 由制药公司编写,是产品特性概要(SmPC)针对病人的通俗版本。所有 PIL 均经过英国或欧洲药品监管部门的检查和批准。如果您对 PIL 有任何不确定或有任何疑问,请务必咨询医疗保健专业人士,例如医生、药剂师或护士。

PILs have to contain specific headings, but sometimes the order might differ. These are the usual headings and the information that is included in each section.

What is your medicine and what it is used for?

What type of medicine is it?

What diseases or medical conditions is it approved to treat?

Before you take or use your medicine

Do not take or use – situations where a medicine should not be taken or used.

Take special care – situations where the prescriber needs to be extra careful when prescribing a medicine.

Taking or using other medicines – if this medicine interacts or interferes with any other medicines, herbal or dietary supplements.

Taking or using your medicine with food and drink – if you should take the medicine with or without certain foods or drinks.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding – if you can use or take this medicine if you are pregnant, thinking of getting pregnant or are breast-feeding a baby.

Driving and using machines – if the medicine can affect your ability to drive or use any tools or machines.

Important information about some of the ingredients in your medicine.

How to take or use your medicine

How to take or use the medicine.

How often it should be used or taken.

How long it should be used or taken for.

What to do if you take or use more than you should.

What to do if you forget a dose.

What might happen if you stop taking or using the medicine.

Possible side effects

All medicines can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. This section tells you about the side effects and what you should do if you get them.

 

How to store your medicine

How to check the expiry date of the medicine.

How to store your medicine.

How to dispose of your medicine.

Further information

What your medicine contains – both the active and inactive ingredients.

The amount of active ingredient.

What the medicine looks like.

The pack size.

The name of the company that makes and sells the medicine.

The date the leaflet was approved by the authorities.

Any further information about the medicine.

PIL 必须包含特定标题,但有时顺序可能不同。这些是通常的标题和每个部分中包含的信息。

你的药是什么,它的用途是什么?

它是什么类型的药?

它被批准用于治疗哪些疾病或医疗状况?

在您服用或使用药物之前不要服用或使用 – 不应服用或使用药物的情况。

小心 – 开药者在开药时需要格外小心的情况。

服用或使用其他药物 – 如果该药物与任何其他药物、草药或膳食补充剂相互作用或干扰。

服用或与食物和饮料一起服用您的药物 – 如果您应该服用或不服用某些食物或饮料的药物。

怀孕和哺乳 – 如果您在怀孕、考虑怀孕或正在哺乳婴儿时可以使用或服用此药。

驾驶和使用机器 – 如果药物会影响您驾驶或使用任何工具或机器的能力。

关于药物中某些成分的重要信息。

如何服用或使用您的药物?

如何服用或使用药物?

应该多久使用或服用一次?

应该使用或服用多长时间?

如果您服用或使用过多,该怎么办?

如果忘记服药怎么办?

如果您停止服用或使用该药,可能会发生什么?

可能的副作用

所有药物都会引起副作用,尽管不是每个人都会得到它们。本节将告诉您副作用以及如果出现副作用应该怎么做。

如何储存您的药物?

如何查看药物的有效期?

如何储存您的药物?

如何处理您的药物?

更多的信息

您的药物包含什么 – 活性成分和非活性成分。

活性成分的量。

药物长什么样?

包装尺寸。

制造和销售药物的公司名称。

传单获得当局批准的日期。

关于药物的任何进一步信息。

根据CDE在2021年5月26日下午召开的《药品说明书和标签管理规定》修订研讨会,中国也有可能在将来引入患者版说明书(参见昨天的文章世界各国药品说明书查询——中国篇(相关法规)),相信将来中国患者对于医生给自己开的处方药,也会有更好的知情权。

好了,今天的分享就到这里啦。后续我们再介绍通过欧洲各国药监局网站查询说明书的方法。如果觉得小格的文章还不错的话,欢迎点赞或者分享给你的朋友们。

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